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If you’ve spent years on Linux and are now working on Windows, or you’re writing cross-platform documentation and need the PowerShell counterpart for a Unix command, this is the reference page for that. The tables below cover all major GNU Coreutils commands organized by category. Direct equivalents show the cmdlet and any aliases. For commands with no native equivalent, the closest workaround or recommended tool is noted. File Content Coreutils Purpose PowerShell Equivalent cat Concatenate/print files Get-Content (aliases: gc, cat, type) tac Print file in reverse (Get-Content file)[-1..-((Get-Content file).Count)] head Print first N lines Get-Content -TotalCount N / Select-Object -First N tail Print last N lines Get-Content -Tail N od Dump file in octal/hex Format-Hex xxd Hex dump Format-Hex wc Count words/lines/chars Measure-Object -Line -Word -Character nl Number lines $n=1; Get-Content f | % { "$n`t$_"; $n++ } pr Paginate text for printing No direct equivalent fold Wrap long lines No direct equivalent fmt Simple text formatter No direct equivalent Examples: ...

Stop-Process kills a process immediately, with no chance to save open files. For GUI applications (Notepad, Word, browsers), the right approach is to send a close signal to the main window, which is equivalent to clicking the X button: # The application receives a `WM_CLOSE` message and can handle it normally. # Output: True (Get-Process Notepad).CloseMainWindow() What the Return Value Means CloseMainWindow() returns True if the close message was delivered successfully. A True return means the message was delivered, not that the process has exited. The process may still be running while it handles the close (e.g., waiting for user input on a “save changes?” dialog). ...

When you encounter an unfamiliar .dll on your system (or want to confirm exactly which version of a library is installed), PowerShell can pull the embedded metadata out of the file without any third-party tools. The information is the same as what Windows shows in the Details tab when you right-click a file and open Properties. The Script Save this as Get-DllInfo.ps1: param([Parameter(Mandatory)][string]$Path) function Get-DllInfo { param( [Parameter(Mandatory)][string]$DllPath ) $fileInfo = Get-Item $DllPath $versionInfo = $fileInfo.VersionInfo $dllProperties = [PSCustomObject]@{ "File Description" = $versionInfo.FileDescription "Type" = $versionInfo.FileType "File Version" = $versionInfo.FileVersion "Product Name" = $versionInfo.ProductName "Product Version" = $versionInfo.ProductVersion "Copyright" = $versionInfo.LegalCopyright "Size" = $fileInfo.Length "Date Modified" = $fileInfo.LastWriteTime "Language" = $versionInfo.Language "Original Filename" = $versionInfo.OriginalFilename } $dllProperties | Format-List } Get-DllInfo -DllPath $Path Run it by passing a path to any DLL: ...

Renaming every .txt to .md, or every .jpeg to .jpg — PowerShell can do this in one line without any loops. Here are the patterns, from the simplest to the most flexible. The One-Liner Get-ChildItem -File | Rename-Item -NewName { $_.Name -replace '\.txt$', '.md' } This renames every file in the current directory whose name ends in .txt, changing the extension to .md. Files with other extensions are left unchanged. Breaking it down: Get-ChildItem -File — lists files only (no subdirectories). Rename-Item -NewName { ... } — the script block receives each file object as $_ and returns the new name. $_.Name -replace '\.txt$', '.md' — the -replace operator uses a regex. The \. escapes the dot (a bare . in regex means “any character”), and $ anchors the match to the end of the string so it only touches the extension. Preview Before Renaming Add -WhatIf to do a dry run — PowerShell prints what it would rename without touching anything: ...

Getting Started with venv # 1. Create a venv (usually named .venv by convention) python3 -m venv myenv # 2. Activate - Windows (PowerShell) myenv\Scripts\Activate.ps1 # 3. Install packages - installs only into this venv pip install requests numpy # 4. Use python as typical # 5. Deactivate when done deactivate What if you close without deactivate If you close the Windows Terminal without deactivating, it’s ok. Nothing bad happens. The venv is just a folder on disk. Deactivating only removes some of the temp environment variables from your current shell session. A new console those variables are gone, effectively the same as deactivating. ...

fzf is a fuzzy finder for the terminal. Run it and you get an interactive list you can filter by typing. Select an entry and it prints the result to stdout. That makes it a composable building block. Pipe anything into it, use the output in any command. The simplest use case: open a file. Install fzf winget install junegunn.fzf Open a file with its default app & $(fzf) fzf walks the current directory recursively, shows you the files, and you pick one. The & call operator invokes whatever path comes back. On Windows this triggers the default file association, so .py opens in your IDE, .docx opens in Word, and so on. ...

Count word occurrences in a text file with a single PowerShell pipeline: (Get-Content .\words.txt) -Split '\W+' | Group-Object | Sort-Object -Descending Count | Select-Object Count, Name Example output: Count Name ----- ---- 12 the 9 a 7 to 5 PowerShell 3 file How It Works Get-Content .\words.txt Reads the file as an array of lines. -Split '\W+' Splits each line on one or more non-word characters (\W+ matches spaces, punctuation, newlines, etc.), producing an array of individual words. ...

Need to rename report-2024.pdf to report-2025.pdf for every file in a folder? Or swap spaces for hyphens across a whole directory? PowerShell handles this in a single line. The One-Liner Get-ChildItem -File | Rename-Item -NewName { $_.Name -replace "2024", "2025" } This renames every file in the current directory, replacing the first match of 2024 with 2025 in the file name. Files that don’t contain 2024 are left alone. Breaking it down: Get-ChildItem -File — lists files only (no subdirectories). Rename-Item -NewName { ... } — the script block receives each file as $_ and returns the new name. $_.Name -replace "2024", "2025" — performs the substitution on the file name. Practical Examples Replace spaces with hyphens: ...

Pipe any array to Sort-Object (alias: sort) to sort it: $a = 'k', 'a', 'z' $a | sort Output: a k z You can also sort inline without a variable: 'k', 'a', 'z' | sort Numbers PowerShell infers the correct numeric sort automatically: $n = 10, 3, 25, 1 $n | sort 1 3 10 25 Without Sort-Object, a lexicographic sort would put 10 before 3. Piping numbers through sort avoids that. Descending Order Pass -Descending to reverse the order: ...

PowerShell has two built-in cmdlets for working with Markdown files. No external tools required. Show-Markdown Show-Markdown renders a Markdown file directly in the terminal with color formatting: Show-Markdown .\README.md Headings, bold, italic, code blocks, and lists are all styled using VT100 escape sequences. It reads the file and prints formatted output inline. You can also pipe a string: "This is **bold**." | Show-Markdown Open in the Browser Pass -UseBrowser to render the Markdown as HTML and open it in your default browser: ...

ripgrep (rg) is built to search inside files, but sometimes you just want to find files by name. The same job as find or Get-ChildItem -Filter. There are two clean ways to do it. Method 1: --files with -g (glob) rg --files -g 'Launch-VsDevShell.ps1' --files tells ripgrep to list every file it would search — no content search happens at all -g (or --glob) filters that list to filenames matching the pattern This is the clearest way to express “find files named X”. The glob supports wildcards: ...

Wikipedia makes it easy to extract page content without scraping HTML. Wikipedia exposes two APIs for this. The MediaWiki Action API (/w/api.php) handles raw wikitext and plain text; and the REST API (/api/rest_v1/) returns full HTML. Between them they offer three useful methods: raw wikitext via action=raw, full HTML via the REST API, and plain text via the TextExtracts endpoint. Method 1: Raw wikitext via URL Append ?action=raw to any Wikipedia article URL and you get the raw wikitext — the markup source Wikipedia stores internally: ...

DOCX files are binary ZIP archives and rg can’t search them directly. The fix is to pipe each file through pandoc, which converts DOCX to plain text (or Markdown) on the fly before rg searches it. Prerequisites Install both tools if you don’t have them: winget install BurntSushi.ripgrep.MSVC winget install JohnMacFarlane.Pandoc Search all DOCX files recursively Get-ChildItem *.docx -Recurse | % { echo "---" echo $_.Name pandoc $_.FullName -t markdown | rg -i 'my search string' } Argument Meaning *.docx Glob pattern, match only .docx files -Recurse Walk subdirectories recursively % Alias for ForEach-Object, runs the block for each file $_.FullName Full absolute path of the current file (required by pandoc) -t markdown Tell pandoc to output Markdown; preserves heading structure so you can see where in the document a match falls -i Case-insensitive search in ripgrep 'my search string' The search query (use single quotes in PowerShell to prevent string interpolation) Show context around matches Use -C to print lines before and after each match: ...

Extract Images from PDF pdftopng converts PDF pages directly to PNG in a single step. Alternatively, pdftoppm (also xpdf-tools) converts to PPM image first, then ImageMagick magick mogrify can batch convert to PNG. ImageMagick can read PDFs directly but requires a Ghostscript dependency. Skip the extra dependency and use xpdf-tools instead. convert is a built-in Windows command (disk conversion tool), so always prefix with magick when using ImageMagick convert command. ...

1. Installing OpenSSH Server Download the OpenSSH server package from the PowerShell/Win32-OpenSSH releases page (the official Microsoft port maintained by the PowerShell team). Run the following in an admin PowerShell session on the server to allow incoming SSH connections: New-NetFirewallRule -Name sshd -DisplayName 'OpenSSH Server' -Enabled True -Direction Inbound -Protocol TCP -Action Allow -LocalPort 22 Argument Description -Name sshd A short internal name for the firewall rule used to identify it programmatically -DisplayName 'OpenSSH Server' A human-readable label shown in the Windows Firewall UI -Enabled True Activates the rule immediately upon creation -Direction Inbound Applies the rule to incoming traffic -Protocol TCP Restricts the rule to TCP traffic (SSH runs over TCP) -Action Allow Permits matching traffic through the firewall -LocalPort 22 Targets port 22, the standard SSH port 2. Configuring the Default Shell for OpenSSH By default, OpenSSH on Windows will use cmd.exe. To change this to PowerShell, set the DefaultShell registry key. ...

Doing a literal search with ripgrep is easy and can be done with the -F parameter. To search for a string literal and not a regex, use: rg -F 'my string literal' Searching for a string literal is useful when you have to look for a string that ripgrep would interpret as regex (this behavior is by default). This is often the case when searching for snippets of code. For example, ...

Quick tip today. I wanted to validate my JSON file with jq. jq can read files directly rather than requiring piped input, which is useful for large files. jq has the ability to read the file directly, which is great if your json file is large. By default jq prints out the loaded file. However, we use empty to not display any output. By default if there are any errors in the json file jq will output where the error is. ...

When working with C++ there are two versions we care about: What C++ standard are we using? What C++ compiler are we using? In this article I will show how to check both of these versions. How to Check C++ Standard Version First, is how to check the C++ standard version. The C++ language defines the following values corresponding C++ Standard Version __cplusplus C++98 199711L C++11 201103L C++14 201402L C++17 201703L C++20 202002L C++23 202302L The format __cplusplus is defined as a integer literal in the form YEARMONTH. For example, in C++23 __cplusplus is defined as 202302L, referring to Febraury 2023 (year=2023, month=02). This is roughly the date the committe approves the standard and it begins to go through the next stages of the ISO/IEC process. ...

Generating random data into a file is important task that can be accomplished in PowerShell. Generating random data is useful for benchmarking reading and writing files. We will also do it fast! We can generate 1GB of random data into a file in about 800 ms. ⚠️ Do not use System.Security.Cryptography.RNGCryptoServiceProvider as it is obsolete, instead use System.Security.Cryptography.RandomNumberGenerator. System.Security.Cryptography.RandomNumberGenerator is good as we don’t have to create a new object and can use the static methods. ...

Reading files in C++ can sometimes be a complex process. I wrote an article of four different ways to read a entire file into a string. I outline the pros and cons of each method. I have also done benchmarking to figure out which one is the fastest. Problem statement: Given a file path (std::string), read the entire file into fileData (std::string). The four methods I used are C’s fread, C++’s read, rdbuf, and istreambuf_iterator. ...

The other day had created two arrays with the same length and I wanted to output them as columns in a CSV file. I couldn’t find an exact cmdlet to do this so I wrote a small script. Let’s get started. If you have two arrays such as: $arr1 = 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd' $arr2 = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 I want to output the two arrays into a CSV such as each array is a column: ...

As a C++ developer, you would see .cpp for C++ source files and .h for header files. However, you may have seen file extensions like .cxx, .cc or .hxx. What are these file extensions less commonly? Why are they used and not others? History Before C++, there was the C language. C used the extensions .c for C source files and .h for C header files. Later, when C++ came about the file extensions .c and .h were still being used for C++. However, C++ code became incompatible with C code, thus using the same file extension would cause confusion between C++ and C languages. There was a need at the time to differentiate C++ code from C code. ...

PowerShell has verstile scripting language which includes different kinds of loops. The while loop is a common looping syntax found in different langauges. The basic syntax for a while loop is: while ( <Condition> ) { # Code } We can convert from a for loop to a while loop: # For-loop for (<Initialization>; <Condition>; <Repeat>) { # Code } # While-Loop <Initialization> while ( <Condition> ) { # Code <Repeat> } Example: Loop 10 times $i = 0 while ($i -lt 10) { Write-Output "Loop value = $i" $i++ } ℹ️ We can get the same behavior with a one liner for loop also: ...

Where-Object is a cmdlet used for filtering objects in the pipe. Where-Object is placed in between commands and can remove objects that do not meet the criteria. Where-Object takes an object from the pipeline and filters all objects that do not meet the filter_expression. # General data flow: Cmdlet | Where-Object { filter_expression } | Cmdlet Where-Object returns the objects that match the specified condition. The filter includes (filter-in) the desired objects into the output. ...

A std::vector (or vector if you using namespace std;) is a C++ data structure. vector is a dynamic array that provides fast lookups. vector can be included by #include <vector>, is part of the Standard Template Library (STL), and is in “standard” scope std::. A vector can be initialized in many different ways. This is not an exhaustive list but what is useful and more common. What is initialization Initialization refers to the process of setting the value of a variable for the first time at the time of construction. Regarding, vector we can set an initial values (elements). ...

PowerShell offers a few different ways to change the directory. The official cmdlet to change the directory is Set-Location and it has an aliases: cd, sl, and chdir. PowerShell’s Set-Location is more powerful than Command Prompt’s change directory cd. Set-Location can change directories, change to registry, and change to certificates, and change to environment variables. I will refer to the cmdlet as Set-Location but they can be swapped out with any of the aliases mentioned earlier. cd being common one used. ...

During the creation of a 3-dimensional vector in C++ I was wondering what to call the third dimension, if the first two were called rows and columns. 2D Vector Initialization To begin, a 2D vector would be initialized like the following: int rows = 3; int columns = 5; int initVal = 0; // 2 dimensional vector vector<vector<int>> vec2D(rows, vector<int>(columns, initVal)); All fine and dandy! Let’s look at three dimensions… 3D Vector Initialization Initializing a 3D vector gets more complicated: ...

When working with PowerShell, creating multiple files at once can be a convenient way to interact with the file system. In Linux bash, you can use the touch command to create multiple files using a single script line. However, when it comes to PowerShell, things get a bit more complicated. While there isn’t a direct equivalent to the touch command in PowerShell, we can still achieve the same result using PowerShell. We’ll explore various methods for creating multiple files in PowerShell, including using foreach, variables, and even leveraging WSL (Windows Subsystem for Linux) to run the touch command directly. ...

PowerShell is a powerful modern shell for Windows. However, it is not without its quirks. As a modern software developer on Windows you use PowerShell on a regular basis. Sometimes CLI applications (I’m looking at you git) interact with PowerShell in quirky ways. I saw this the other day with git in PowerShell. I was trying to git diff my current changes with the ones in my latest stash stash@{0}. However, when I ran the command git diff stash@{0}, I got the following error: ...

Why ImageMagick is Recommended Why should you use ImageMagick? Free - no subscriptions, nothing to required to buy sponsorship is most welcomed though! 1 Offline - no having to upload your personal files online Format support: JPEG, PNG, GIF, TIFF, and PDF Open source2 Been around since forever (2009😜) 3 Why Use ImageMagick as a Software Developer? it uses the command line - impress your friends lots of utilities and arguments for editing and manipulating images - impress yourself Where to Get ImageMagick For Windows ImageMagick can be downloaded at ImageMagick - Download. The ImageMagick team recommends a version at the top of the table ending in Q16-HDRI-x64-dll.exe. ...

In this article, we’ll show how easy it is to convert HEIC images to JPEG or PNG format a command-line tool. This method is simple and efficient way to convert individual or multiple HEIC images quickly. The best way to convert HEIC to JPEG or PNG is ✨magic✨ once you have the correct tool: ✨ImageMagick✨ Summary Use ImageMagick to convert the HEIC to JPEG or PNG with the following commands: ...

Select-String can be an alternative to Linux’s amazing and well known grep tool. However, grep must be downloaded and setup on the Windows system which might not be possible or convient to do so. A great built-in alternative on Windows PowerShell is Select-String which can do regular expression searching similar to grep. Goal is to have Select-String to only return the match text or the found reuslt. Quick Summary Select-String returns Matches and within it has Value which has the exact text match of the regex without any extra text: (cat .\results.txt | Select-String '<a.*?>.*?</a>').Matches.Value Example: curl a webpage, search a pattern Let’s say we curl’d a webpage and we want to extract the <a>...</a> tags. ...

If you have a powerful PC or laptop (read: power hungry ⚡), the fans on the PC or laptop can become too loud during load. All this noise can be annoying if you’re just using your system day to day. If you are okay losing some performance you can easily tweak your power settings to prevent the fans going into turbo mode and sounding like a jet engine. ⚠️Warning: This could potentially affect performance ...

Let’s get the local IP version 4 address of the system using PowerShell. We want the actual IPv4 address of the local system but not the localhost loopback address or the link-local address on the system. Link-local address is valid only for communications on local link (subnetwork) that our system is connected to. Link-local addresses are usually 169.254.0.0/16 (169.254.0.0 through 169.254.255.255). 1 Localhost is a hostname that refers to the current computer used to access it. The name localhost is reserved for loopback purposes. The IPv4 loopback address is 127.0.0.1. 2 ...

Finding the Developer PowerShell launch script can be difficult as the location for it has change across the different Visual Studio versions (e.g., 2019, 2022), editions (e.g., Community, Professional, Enterprise), and installation location. Visual Studio 2022 and newer install the ‘Developer PowerShell for VS 2022’ as a Windows Terminal profile. This is the easiest way to access it. However, if you want to access it from a PowerShell ps1 script it is more complicated. Accessing via script is done typically if you have to run the script on another system where you don’t know which Visual Studio version/edition/location installed. ...

In PowerShell, calling Invoke-WebRequest on a local share, such as \\mydirectory\myFile.txt, will result in an error message such as Invoke-WebRequest: The 'file' scheme is not supported.. If the file is on a network share, the best alternative to Invoke-WebRequest is to simply use Copy-Item. So: Invoke-WebRequest \\mydirectory\myFile.txt -OutFile myFile.txt becomes: Copy-Item \\mydirectory\myFile.txt C:\somewherelocally\myFile.txt I’ve seen this error with FTP also: Invoke-WebRequest: The 'ftp' scheme is not supported. Good news is that curl is shipped with Windows 1. So we can use curl for FTP files: ...

When creating and working with directories in PowerShell and Command Prompt, you may encounter errors when trying to create a new directory using the mkdir command. In best practice, we don’t want commands to throw exceptions or set error flags, as they can cause issues further down the script if not handled correctly. The best course of action is to prevent the error from occuring from the first place. In this article, we’ll go over how to prevent the errors. ...

Ripgrep (rg) is a popular command-line search tool inspired by the popular GNU grep tool. The Access is denied. (os error 5) is a common error message that appears when trying to read a file or directory that ripgrep does not have permission to access. This can be annoying when doing a system wide search when many system directories or other protected directories may be searched, littering the results with many “access is denied” error messages. Luckily the messages can be suppressed. ...

When searching through large code bases or directories, it’s helpful to get a sense of how many matches were found by your search query. While tools like ripgrep can give you the exact lines where a match was found, they don’t always provide an easy way to see the total number of hits. This is where ripgrep --stats and --count comes in. With these arguments we can get stats about what was found and results per file. ...

Determining the PowerShell version is important for scripts as it tells the script the potential features available on the current PowerShell engine. The best way to do this is use the $PsVersionTable variable in the first method. In this example, the PowerShell version is 7.4.5. Method 1: Use $PSVersionTable Variable The most reliable and recommended way to determine the PowerShell version is using the built-in variable $PSVersionTable. $PSVersionTable contains the infromation about the PowerShell engine including the version. In the shell type $PSVersionTable and press enter. Note, if the variable doesn’t exist then the version is 1.0. ...

The other day I was looking something up for PowerShell and realized that cat command for the classic ‘Windows Command Shell’1 is an alias of Get-Content PowerShell cmdlet. I wondered what other aliases PowerShell has. There is an extensive collection of about 138 default aliases in PowerShell mapping to 109 PowerShell cmdlets on Windows. PowerShell was designed to work with other operating systems too, like Linux and MacOs. If you are new to PowerShell, then these aliases are a good place to learn commands that are often used. ...

Introduction As a Windows developer you’ve considered creating a graphical user interface (GUI). The inevitable question that comes up is: which Windows GUI technology should I use? I tried to answer that question myself, and thought surely everyone is still using Windows API (ye olde Win32 API) with GDI/GDI+! Right? No? Oh, let’s see what there is now… WinUI, WPF, WinForms, UWP, .NET MAUI, oh my, the list goes on. Why did these all come about? ...

Quick tip today. I wanted to find all directories with a certain name specifically .vs because I wanted to delete them. Is the .vs directory safe to delete? Yes, becuase its all generated files by VS that can be deleted. There is also db files in there that intellisense keeps, which can clutter your system after a while. To find all files: gci -recurse -Force -filter ".vs" gci alias for GetChild-Item -recurse to search all sub-directories -Force to search hidden and system files (this is useful for .vs directory because it is typically hidden) -filter to filter which directory or file we want To get the full path of each result: ...

Create XML in PowerShell Before we start if we don’t have a XML file, we can create one: Set-Content .\test.xml '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><root/>' Set-Content is a powershell cmd-let to write to a file. The first element is the prolog element 1: <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>. The W3C Recommendation describes the prolog as version number, encoding declaration. If we want to load it and write to it, it must have at least a root element, in this example it is <root> but it can be anything such as <catalog>, <company>, <store>, or even <zoo>. ...

Cool trick with the Windows Terminal is Quake mode. The name comes from the Quake games’ console. The Quake console was used to send commands to the game such as /god for God mode or /give all to get all game items. The Quake in-game console was shown by pressing tilde ~ key. A similar behavior can be accomplished with Windows Terminal called Quake mode. In Windows Terminal quake mode the terminal is snapped to the top of the screen. The bottom of the window can be sized but the window is docked to the top. ...

I often need to jump into a command-line interface (CLI) in Windows from an Explorer window. Previous, I used to type cmd . into Explorer’s current directory (press F4 to hightlight) to open the current directory. However, I have been using Windows Terminal (wt) more than the classic Command Prompt (cmd) for some of the quality of life features (e.g., tabs). To call Windows Terminal from Explorer type wt into the current directory – but this does not open the current directory. Neither does wt ., you’ll get an obscure error: [error 2147942405 (0x80070005) when launching .]. If you look at the help (wt --help), it is burried in the help. If you do wt new-tab --help will have the starting directory command. ...

Command Prompt to PowerShell To create a new text file using PowerShell, use New-Item. Classically, done by echo "some text" > into-a-file.txt, but PowerShell New-Item provides more robustness. The equvalent of the echo redirect > to a new file is PowerShell cmdlet New-Item. In this example, output hello into a new text file in the current directory called myFile.txt. echo hello > myFile.txt New-Item ".\myFile.txt" -Value "hello" -Force Note that New-Item does not replace the file if it already exists by default, we can use -Force to emulate the behavior of the echo redirect. If you run the command without -Force it will give error: New-Item: The file 'C:\myFile.txt' already exists. ...

Current C++ Standard Version The current C++ standard is C++231 or officially known as 14882:2024 or ISO International Standard ISO/IEC 14882:2023 - Programming Language C++. The official C++23 standard was published on October 19, 2024 2. The ISO/IEC 14882:2024 supersedes ISO/IEC 14882:2020 standard (C++20). ISO/IEC 14882:2024 is the 7th edition of the standard. The standard increased by about 14% in number of pages. Although an official copy of the standard costs money, drafts of the standard can be found online for free 3. ...

Clean the Visual Studio 2019 x64 Release or Debug build directory using Clean-Build.bat batch script. Place in the x64 directory and run the bat. Great if you need to archive your project before sending and don’t want to send a bunch of extra files. Tested with Visual Studio 2019 and 2022. The script can be expanded to remove other kinds of files. Files Removed File type Usage *.ipdb Incremental Link-Time Code Generation - Program database (PDB) file *.iobj Incremental Link-Time Code Generation - Object file *.pdb Program database (PDB) *.idb Intermediate debug file / state file used for minimal rebuild and incremental compilation *.ilk Intermediary linker files *.exp DLL exports *.obj Object file - compiled code that the linker uses *.tlog Used for incremental builds - information about all inputs / outputs *.FileListAbsolute.txt List of files built in current build *.recipe Used in Guidance Automation Toolkit Notes Important to use .\ before paths, otherwise it will execute from the drive’s root directory If there is more than one condition that needs to be used an if statement then must use nested if statements can use defined to check if a variable is defined or not defined if not defined. Clean-Build.bat @echo off setlocal enableextensions setlocal EnableDelayedExpansion set ExecutableName=%1% set BuildType=%2% if not defined BuildType ( echo Usage: Clean-Build.bat ExecutableName BuildType exit /b 1 ) if not "%BuildType%" == "Debug" ( if not "%BuildType%" == "Release" ( echo Usage: Clean-Build.bat ExecutableName BuildType echo Build must be Release or Debug exit /b 1 ) ) if not defined ExecutableName ( echo Usage: Clean-Build.bat ExecutableName BuildType exit /b 1 ) echo Cleaning: %ExecutableName% echo Build type: %BuildType% :: Release builds if "%BuildType%" == "Release" ( del .\%BuildType%\*.iobj del .\%BuildType%\*.ipdb ) :: Debug builds if "%BuildType%" == "Debug" ( del .\%BuildType%\*.ilk del .\%BuildType%\*.idb ) :: Both builds del .\%BuildType%\*.tlog del .\%BuildType%\*.obj del .\%BuildType%\*.recipe del .\%BuildType%\*.pdb del .\%BuildType%\*.log del .\%BuildType%\*.FileListAbsolute.txt rmdir /S /Q .\%BuildType%\%ExecutableName%.tlog echo Done

Strategy Talk about time and space complexity through out the program look at the input parameters to the function Terminology $O(nlogn + n^2)$ asymptotically is $O(n^2)$. If you write $O(n^2)$ explain its the asymptotic time complexity. Applications Common time complexity patterns: $O(2^N)$, $O(3^N)$: Permutation (e.g., NP hard problems) $O(N^2)$, $O(N^3)$: Recursion / generate subsets, nested loops $O(NlogN)$: Sorting / heap $O(N)$: Iteration, pointers/sliding window, common array operations $O(logN)$: Binary search / exponentially sized steps search $O(1)$: Hashmap or index of array Time Complexity Names $O(2^N)$, exponential time $O(N^2)$, quadratic time $O(NlogN)$, linearithmic time $O(N)$, linear time $O(logN)$, logarithmic time $O(1)$, constant time Space Complexity Space = Input + Auxilary + Output ...